Karin Fashin Baki:
Al’adar Nok na daga cikin tsoffin al’adu masu muhimmanci a tarihin Nijeriya. An samo alamominta musamman a yankin tsakiyar Nijeriya, kusa da Jos Plateau da sauran sassan arewa ta tsakiya. Sunan “Nok” ya samo asali ne daga ƙauyen Nok da aka fara gano wasu daga cikin shahararrun sassaken terracotta a shekarar 1928. Masana sun gano cewa mutanen Nok sun kasance cikin al’ummomin noma kuma sun kware wajen sarrafa ƙarfe da yin sassaken yumbu. (British Museum)
1. Gidaje da yadda suke rayuwa
Shaidun archaeological sun nuna cewa mutanen Nok suna rayuwa ne cikin ƙananan al’ummomin manoma. An samu ragowar gidaje da aka gina da dabarar wattle and daub—wato haɗa sanduna da laka—kuma wasu gidaje suna da ginshikin duwatsu da ke riƙe da tsarin ginin. (World History Encyclopedia)
Saboda yawancin kayan gini kamar laka da itace ba sa daɗewa, ba mu da cikakken bayani game da girman gidajensu ko yadda ɗakunan cikin gida suke. Wannan yana daga cikin dalilin da ya sa har yanzu akwai abubuwa da yawa da masana ba su sani ba game da rayuwar yau da kullum ta Nok. (The Metropolitan Museum of Art)
2. Noma shi ne tushen rayuwa
Noma ya kasance muhimmiyar hanyar samun abinci. Ana danganta mutanen Nok da noman hatsi kamar dawa (sorghum) da kuma wasu kayan lambu, ciki har da kabewa. Amfani da kayan aikin ƙarfe ya taimaka musu wajen noma da share gonaki. (World History Encyclopedia)
Wannan yana nuna cewa rayuwar Nok ba ta dogara da farauta kawai ba; noma da zama a wuri guda sun kasance muhimman sassa na tsarin rayuwarsu.
3. Ƙarfe ya sauya rayuwarsu
Ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da suka bambanta Nok shi ne ƙwarewar sarrafa ƙarfe. A Taruga, an gano murhun narkar da ƙarfe, kuma binciken archaeological ya nuna cewa ana sarrafa ƙarfe a yankin tun ƙarni na farko kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa. (The Metropolitan Museum of Art)
An yi amfani da ƙarfe wajen kera kayan aiki kamar:
fartanya/garma;
gatari;
wukake da kayan yanka;
kibau da makamai;
kayan aikin noma.
Saboda haka, ƙarfe ya taimaka wajen ƙara ƙarfin noma da kuma wasu ayyukan yau da kullum. (World History Encyclopedia)
4. Sana'ar tukwane da terracotta
Nok sun yi suna sosai saboda sassaken terracotta, wato hotunan mutane da dabbobi da aka yi da yumbu sannan aka gasa su.
Wasu daga cikin sassaken suna nuna mutane da:
manyan kawuna;
salon gashi mai tsari;
kayan ado;
beads;
wasu alamomin fuska.
British Museum ya bayyana Nok a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin wuraren farko da aka sani na sarrafa ƙarfe da kuma samar da sassaken mutane na terracotta a yankin kudu da Sahara. (British Museum)
Amma akwai muhimmiyar magana: yawancin sassaken an gano su ne ba tare da cikakken bayanin inda aka samo su ko abin da suke wakilta ba. Saboda haka, ba daidai ba ne a ce duk wani sassaken Nok yana nuna wani takamaiman addini ko mutum. (The Metropolitan Museum of Art)
5. Addini da imani
A nan ne binciken ya fi wahala. Ba mu da isasshen rubutaccen tarihi daga mutanen Nok da zai bayyana mana tsarin addininsu dalla-dalla.
Saboda haka, masana suna yin nazari ne daga:
terracotta;
kaburbura;
tukwane;
kayan ƙarfe;
tsarin wuraren zama;
sauran abubuwan archaeological.
Wannan yana nufin cewa idan aka ce wani sassaken Nok “gumaka ne” ko kuma yana wakiltar wani takamaiman allah, ya kamata a ɗauki wannan a matsayin fassarar masana, ba tabbataccen abin da mutanen Nok suka rubuta da kansu ba.
6. Kayan ado da sutura
Terracotta na Nok ya nuna cewa mutane suna iya amfani da kayan ado da beads, kuma wasu hotunan suna nuna salo na gashi mai matuƙar tsari. (The Metropolitan Museum of Art)
Amma saboda kayan tufafi na fiber kamar auduga, ganye ko fata ba sa daɗewa a cikin ƙasa, masana ba su da cikakken bayani game da irin tufafin da mutanen Nok suke sakawa a rayuwarsu ta yau da kullum.
7. Rayuwar al'umma
Shaidun da ake da su sun fi nuna ƙananan al'ummomin manoma maimakon wata babbar daula mai tsari irin na masarautun baya. Taruga na daga cikin muhimman wuraren da aka tono ragowar wuraren zama da wuraren sarrafa ƙarfe. (The Metropolitan Museum of Art)
Haka kuma, gano makamai kamar kan kibiya da mashi na ƙarfe ya sa wasu masana suka yi la’akari da yiwuwar samun rikici tsakanin wasu al’ummomin yankin, amma ba za a iya cewa rayuwar Nok gaba ɗaya ta kasance rayuwar yaƙi ba. (World History Encyclopedia)
8. Kasuwanci da hulɗa
Ana ganin mutanen Nok sun kasance cikin wata hanyar hulɗa tsakanin al'ummomin yankin. Amma ba a da isassun hujjoji da za su ba mu damar zayyana cikakkiyar hanyar kasuwancinsu ko cewa suna da manyan birane irin na wasu tsoffin wayewa.
Abin da aka tabbatar shi ne cewa al’adarsu ta bazu a wani faffadan yanki na tsakiyar Nijeriya, kuma akwai bambance-bambance tsakanin kayan aiki da tukwane daga wurare daban-daban. (World History Encyclopedia)
9. Me ya sa Nok take da muhimmanci?
Muhimmancin Nok ya ta'allaka ne musamman kan abubuwa uku:
① Noma da zama cikin al’umma – sun kasance cikin tsoffin al’ummomin manoma na yankin.
② Sarrafa ƙarfe – sun kasance daga cikin tsoffin cibiyoyin sarrafa ƙarfe da aka sani a yankin kudu da Sahara. (The Metropolitan Museum of Art)
③ Sassaken terracotta – sun samar da ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin manyan al’adun sassaken mutane da aka sani a yankin kudu da Sahara. (The Metropolitan Museum of Art)
10. Me ya faru da mutanen Nok?
Har yanzu ba a san ainihin dalilin da ya sa al’adar Nok ta ragu ko ta ɓace ba. Wasu bayanan archaeological suna nuna raguwar samar da tukwane daga baya, amma dalilin hakan ba a tabbatar da shi gaba ɗaya ba. Masana sun taɓa gabatar da abubuwa kamar sauyin yanayi, amfani da albarkatun ƙasa fiye da kima, rikice-rikice ko sauyin tsarin rayuwa a matsayin yiwuwar dalilai, amma waɗannan ba su zama tabbataccen bayani guda ɗaya ba. (World History Encyclopedia)
A takaice: Rayuwar mutanen Nok ta kasance rayuwar tsoffin al’ummomin manoma waɗanda suka haɗa noma, sarrafa ƙarfe, tukwane, sana’ar terracotta da zama cikin ƙananan ƙauyuka. Abin da ya sa Nok ta yi fice a tarihin Nijeriya shi ne irin ƙwarewar da suka nuna a ƙarfe da sassaken terracotta, duk da cewa har yanzu archaeological evidence bai ba mu cikakken labarin rayuwarsu ta yau da kullum ba. (The Metropolitan Museum of Art)
Muhimmin bayani: Sabon bincike ya mayar da farkon al’adar Nok zuwa kusan 1500 K.Z., yayin da wasu tsoffin jadawalin bincike suka fi amfani da kusan 500 K.Z.–200 K.Z. Saboda haka, kwanan watan Nok yana ci gaba da gyaruwa yayin da ake samun sabbin bincike. (The Metropolitan Museum of Art)
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